Multivariate statistical analysis of the essential oils of five Beilschmiedia species from Peninsular Malaysia / Análisis estadístico multivariado de los aceites esenciales de especies de Beilschmiedia de Malasia peninsular

Identification of the chemical compositionof essential oils is very important for ensuring the quality of finished herbal products. The objective of the study was to analyze the chemical components present in the essential oils of five Beilschmiediaspecies (i.e. B. kunstleri, B. maingayi, B. penangiana, B. madang, and B. glabra) by multivariate data analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) methods. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 108 chemical components were successfully identified from the essential oils of five Beilschmiediaspecies. The essential oils were characterized by high proportions of ß-caryophyllene (B.kunstleri), δ-cadinene (B. penangianaand B. madang), and ß-eudesmol (B. maingayiand B. glabra). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that chemical similarity was highest for all samples, except for B. madang. The multivariate data analysis may be used for the identification and characterization of essential oils from different Beilschmiediaspecies that are to be used as raw materials of traditional herbal products.

La identificación de la composición química de los aceites esenciales es muy importante para garantizar la calidad de los productos herbales terminados. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los componentes químicos presentes en los aceites esenciales de cinco especies de Beilschmiedia (B. kunstleri, B. maingayi, B. penangiana, B. madangy B. glabra) mediante análisis de datos multivariados utilizando los métodos de análisis de componente principal (PCA) y análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico (HCA). Los aceites esenciales se obtuvieron por hidrodestilación y se caracterizaron completamente por cromatografía de gases (GC) y cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Se identificaron con éxito un total de 108 componentes químicos a partir de los aceites esenciales de las cinco especies de Beilschmiedia. Los aceites esenciales se caracterizaron por altas proporciones de ß-cariofileno (B. kunstleri), δ-cadineno (B. penangianay B. madang) y ß-eudesmol (B. maingayiy B. glabra). El análisis de componentes principales (PCA) y el análisis de conglomerados jerárquicos (HCA) revelaron que la similitud química fue más alta para todas las muestras, excepto para B. madang. El análisis de datos multivariados puede usarse para la identificación y caracterización de aceites esenciales de diferentes especies de Beilschmiedia que se utilizan como materias primas de productos herbales tradicionales.

Phytochemistry and anti-inflammatory activities of Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi ­ a review / Actividades fitoquímicas y antiinflamatorias de Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi - una revisión

Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi which belongs to the family Piperaceae, is a well-known medicinal plant possessing high medicinal and various therapeutic properties. It is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of asthma and rheumatic arthritis. Numerous studies on this species have also corroborated the significant anti-inflammatory potential of its extracts and secondary metabolites. The main chemical constituents which have been isolated and identified from P. kadsura are lignans and neolignans, which possess anti-inflammatory activities. The present article aims to provide a review of the studies done on the phytochemistry and antiinflammatory activities of P. kadsura. The scientific journals for this brief literature review were from electronic sources, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. This review is expected to draw the attention of the medical professionals and the general public towards P. kadsura and to open the door for detailed research in the future.

Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi, perteneciente a la familia Piperaceae, es una planta medicinal conocida que posee importantes propiedades medicinales y diversas propiedades terapéuticas. Es ampliamente utilizada en la medicina tradicional china para el tratamiento del asma y la artritis reumática. Numerosos estudios sobre esta especie también han corroborado el destacado potencial antiinflamatorio de sus extractos y metabolitos secundarios. Los principales componentes químicos que se han aislado e identificado de P. kadsura son los lignanos y los neolignanos, que poseen actividades antiinflamatorias. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo proporcionar una revisión de los estudios realizados sobre las actividades fitoquímicas y antiinflamatorias de P. kadsura. Las revistas científicas para esta breve revisión de literatura fueron de fuentes electrónicas, como Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus y Web of Science. Se espera que esta revisión atraiga la atención de los profesionales médicos y el público en general respecto de P. kadsura y abra la puerta a una investigación detallada en el futuro.

Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm: review on phytochemistry and biological activities / Lindera agreggata (Sims) Kosterm: revisión de su fitoquímica y actividades biológicas

The genus Lindera consists of approximately 100 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Most Lindera plants, particularly Lindera aggregata is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has important medicinal value and health benefits. Contemporary chemical and pharmacological studies have shown that L. aggregata are a source of structurally diverse molecules having pharmacological potential. In an effort to promote research on L. aggregata and develop therapeutic and pharmacological products, this review describes the structural diversity of its components and pharmacological and biological significance of L. aggregata. This review is based on a literature analysis of scientific journals from electronic sources, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. Thus, with the growing interest in traditional medicine and botanical drugs worldwide, L. aggregata will increasingly capture chemists' and pharmacologists' attention because they produce diverse and structurally novel compounds having pharmacological significance.

El género Lindera consta de aproximadamente 100 especies que están ampliamente distribuidas en áreas tropicales y subtropicales en todo el mundo. La mayoría de las plantas de Lindera, particularmente Lindera aggregata, es parte conocida de la medicina tradicional china con un importante valor medicinal y beneficios para la salud. Estudios químicos y farmacológicos contemporáneos han demostrado que L. aggregata es una fuente de moléculas estructuralmente diversas que con potencial farmacológico. En un esfuerzo por promover la investigación sobre L. aggregata y desarrollar productos terapéuticos y farmacológicos, esta revisión describe la diversidad estructural de sus componentes y la importancia farmacológica y biológica de L. aggregata. Esta revisión se basa en un análisis de literatura de revistas científicas de fuentes electrónicas, como Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus y Web of Science. Por lo tanto, con el creciente interés en la medicina tradicional y las drogas botánicas en todo el mundo, L. aggregata captará cada vez más la atención de los químicos y farmacólogos debido a que producen compuestos diversos y estructuralmente novedosos que tienen importancia farmacológica.

Aporphine alkaloids from Piper erecticaule and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity / Alcaloides de aporfina obtenida de Piper erecticaule y actividad inhibitoria de la acetilcolinesterasa

Chemical constituents and biological activities of the aerial parts of Piper erecticaule C.DC. have been studied for the first time. Fractionation and purification of the extracts afforded aristolactam AII (1), aristolactam BII (2), piperolactam A (3), piperolactam C (4), piperolactam D (5), together with terpenoids of ß-sitosterol, ß-sitostenone, taraxerol, and lupeol. The structures of these compounds were obtained by analysis of their spectroscopic data, as well as the comparison with that of reported data. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity revealed that compounds 1 and 3 showed strong AChE inhibitory effects with the percentage inhibition of 75.8% and 74.8%, respectively.

Se estudiaron por primera vez los constituyentes químicos y actividad biológica de las partes aéreas de Piper erecticaule C.DC. El fraccionamiento y la purificación de los extractos proporcionaron aristolactama AII (1), aristolactama BII (2), piperolactama A (3), piperolactama C (4), piperolactama D (5), junto con terpenoides de ß-sitosterol, ß-sitostenona, taraxerol, y el lupeol. Las estructuras de estos compuestos se obtuvieron mediante el análisis de sus datos espectroscópicos, así como mediante la comparación con datos ya informados. La actividad inhibidora de la acetilcolinesterasa reveló que los compuestos 1 y 3 mostraron un potente efecto inhibidor de la AChE con un porcentaje de inhibición del 75.8% y 74.8%, respectivamente.

Chemical constituents from Piper caninum and antibacterial activity.

Six flavonoids and two amides, characterized as 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone (1), 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (2), 4’,5,7- trimethoxyflavone (3), 4’-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone (4), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (5), 2’-hydroxy- 4’,6’-dimethoxychalcone (6), N-isobutyl-(2E,4E,14Z)-eicosatrienamide (7) and N-isobutyl-15-(3’,4’- methylenedioxyphenyl)-2E,4E,12E-pentadecatrienamide (8) have been isolated and identified from the stem of Piper caninum. The identification of all compounds was achieved by physical properties and spectroscopically. These data were also confirmed by comparison with previously reported spectral data. Antibacterial activity of the extracts and isolated compounds was determined by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All of the extracts displayed weak antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. Compound (7) showed good activity towards Bacillis subtilis with MIC value of 125 μg/mL. Flavonoid compounds with high content in P. caninum can probably be used as a chemical marker for this Piper species.

Chemical composition of Piper stylosum Miq. and Piper ribesioides Wall.essential oils, and their antioxidant, antimicrobial and tyrosinaseinhibition activities / Composición química de los aceites esenciales de Piper stylosum Miq. y Piper ribosoides Wall. y sus actividadesantioxidantes, antimicrobiana y de inhibición de la tirosinasa

Chemical compositions of P. stylosum and P. ribesioides essential oils, and their antioxidant, antimicrobial and tyrosinase inhibition activities were determined. GC and GC–MS analysis of essential oils from leaves and stems of P. stylosum resulted in the identification of 50 (89.2 percent) and 45 (88.8 percent) components, respectively. The major components were aromadendrene (leaves 26.6 percent; stems 18.8 percent), sabinene (leaves 13.8 percent; stems 6.7 percent) and beta-caryophyllene (leaves 11.5 percent; stems 17.9 percent). A total of 60 (87.0 percent) and 39 (82.9 percent) components were identified from leaves and stems of P. ribesioides, respectively. The most abundant components were beta-caryophyllene (leaves 20.0 percent; stems 14.4 percent), camphene (leaves 16.3 percent; stems 12.3 percent) and delta-cadinene (leaves 4.4 percent; stems 7.8 percent). Antioxidant activity using DPPH and total phenolic content were tested for essential oils. However, the essential oils showed low antioxidant activity and phenolic content, compared to BHT. Studies of tyrosinase inhibition showed that the essential oils of P. ribesioides leaves had the highest inhibition (30.0 percent), although were lower than the control (kojic acid 81.8 percent). The evaluation of antimicrobial activities revealed that P. ribesioides essential oils showed strong activity against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, both with MIC value 62.5 micrograms/mL.

Se determinaron las composiciones químicas, las actividades antioxidante y antimicrobiana, y el contenido total de fenoles de los aceites esenciales de P. stylosum y P. ribesioides. El análisis GC y GC-MS de los aceites esenciaales de hojas y tallos de P. stylosum permitió la identificación de 50 (89.2 por ciento) y 45 (88.8 por ciento) de components, respectivamente. Los principales componentes fueron aromadendreno (hojas 26.6 por ciento; tallos 18.8 por ciento), sabineno (hojas 13.8 por ciento; tallos 6.7 por ciento) y beta-cariofileno (hoja 11.5 por ciento; tallo 17.9 por ciento). Se identificaron 60 (87.0 por ciento) y 39 (82.9 por ciento) components en los aceites esenciales de hojas y tallos de P. ribesioides. Los componentes más abundantes fueron beta-cariofileno (hojas 20.0 por ciento; tallos 14.4 por ciento), canfeno (hojas 16.3 por ciento; tallos 12.3 por ciento) y delta-cadineno (hojas 4.4 por ciento; tallos 7.8 por ciento). Los aceites esenciales se ensayaron para determinar sus actividades antioxidantes con DPPH y el contenido de fenoles totales. Para los aceites esenciales obtenidos se determinaron valores bajos en la actividad antioxidante con DPPH y el contenido total de fenoles, en comparación con BHT. Sin embargo, los ensayos de inhibición de tirosinasa most raron que el aceite esencial de las hojas de P. ribesioides presento la mayor inhibición (30.0 por ciento), aunque mas baja que el compuesto control (Àcido Kójico, 81.8 por ciento). Para el aceite esencial de P. ribesioides se determinó una MIC 62.5 mg/mL contra Bacillus cereus y Staphylococcus aureus.

Antioxidant and Anti-tyrosinase Activities from Piper officinarum C.DC (Piperaceae).

The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities from Piper officinarum stems, as well as investigation of its chemical constituents. In a series of in vitro assays, antioxidant (DPPH radical scavenging and total phenolic content) and anti-tyrosinase (mushroom tyrosinase) activities of various extracts of stem were evaluated. The isolation and purification of the constituents were carried out on the extracts using various chromatographic methods and identified by direct comparison of their spectroscopic data with respective published data. The results showed that the methanol extracts showed the highest DPPH (80.0%) at 1 mg/ml, as well as total phenolic content (50.5%). Phytochemical analysis of the stem extracts have isolated five compounds identified as 4-allyl resorcinol (1), aristolactam AII (2) aristolactam BII (3), stigmast-4-en-3-one (4) and 6-hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one (5). Compound (1), (2) and (3) showed significant activity towards DPPH radical scavenging (I%=17.3-28.1%), while (2), (3) and (4) demonstrated potent inhibitory effects against tyrosinase mushroom (I%=11.1-24.4%). The results showed that the stem extracts has significant antioxidant activity that may help to discover new chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances.